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The usual way of making a singular noun into a plural noun is to add s, but a lot of words need altering before the s is added.

 

If a noun ends in ch, sh, x or ss, we usually add es.

church    churches

box    boxes

 

If a noun ends in a consonant and y we usually delete the y and add ies.

city    cities

Note that if the letter before the y is a vowel then we just add s.

monkey   monkeys

 

If a noun ends in f or fe we usually delete the f or fe and add ves.

wife    wives

Note that if the noun ends in double f then we just add s.

cliff    cliffs

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